International Conference on Tumor & Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy July 28-30, 2016 Melbourne, Australia

Dr. Okamura completed his doctorate in medical genetics in 1988. From 1989 to 1991, he was a research fellow at the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, under a famous researcher of bladder carcinogenesis, Dr. Samuel M. Cohen. Dr. Okamura studied bladder carcinogenesis and molecular biology. Over the past 30 years, he has continued to conduct clinical and translational research, mainly on BCG immunotherapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. He has published more than 25 papers as a first author.

Because of the introduction of molecular targeted drugs, the treatment of renal cell carcinoma has greatly evolved and patient prognosis has remarkably improved. Molecular targeted drugs are now used for patient therapies instead of cytokines alone. However, treatment of this disease is affected by the drug administration method or when the drug is changed; although sequential therapy with molecular targeted drugs has attracted attention, a clear parameter to judge its effectiveness does not exist. On the other hand, the effectiveness of immunotherapy, which set the transverse axis of the T cell, can be evaluated by the appearance of anti-PD-1 antibody. In this study, we retrospectively examined three cases of metastatic renal cell carcinoma, which were treated with the long-term use of interleukin-2 (IL-2), with regard to the usefulness of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a prognostic factor. All three cases were males; 2 were in their 50s and the other was in his 60s. The cases were administered IL-2 for 2.5, 3, and 7 years, respectively. For all cases, interferon-alpha was administered before IL-2, and after IL-2 administration, all cases were switched to molecular targeted drugs, and each case could continue cancer treatment more than 3 years after starting IL-2. And finally, NLR have not raised, less than 2.7 during IL-2 treatment. The results suggested that NLR might serve as a useful marker for therapies when determining prognosis. Further studies, including a prospective study in Japan and comparison with large‐scale databases, will be necessary.

Hussein Abd Elhay Kaoud is full Professor at Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. He has published more than 190 articles and scientific books and patents. He is a Member of several Egyptian and international societies. He is the Editor and Reviewer of many international journals and received many awards.

Molecular tumor markers can be produced directly by tumor or non tumor cells as a response to the presence of a tumor. Most tumor markers are tumor antigens but not all tumor antigens can be used as tumor markers. Molecular markers are diagnostic, prognostic or predictive. The article discussed the Molecular tumor markers; significance of each markers and its role in diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of tumor and tests used. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers evaluate the imminent treatment effects of a drug on a tumor and can possibly determine the suitable dosage in the early stages of clinical development of a new anticancer drug. Prognostic biomarkers predict the natural progress of the cancer and to distinguish the tumor's outcome. They also help to determine whom to treat, how aggressively to treat and which applicants will likely respond to a given drug and the most effective dose. Theranostic, used as a combination of therapy and diagnostics, can be predicted differently. Imaging can be used to trace the delivery of drug within the body. But imaging can also be used to activate the drug release from outside, by an external stimulus. Such external stimuli can be laser light, temperature or ultrasounds for example. All in all, the smart probes represent new thoughts for clinical practice. Nanoparticles can be modified to reduce surfaces selective for targeted molecular interactions. As the H biomarker H populations present in blood will be more fully categorized, nanoparticle harvesting platforms will have significant potential for refining disease detection at an early, more treatable stage.

Afaf Gaber Ibrahim Salama Elhanash is currently a Professor of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine. Community medicine and Public Health Department, Alexandria Faculty of Medicine. Egypt. She is also a Head of Evidence based clinical practice guidelines center affiliated to Healthcare Quality Directorate of Alexandria university hospitals. (Founded Nov. 2008, Member of Guidelines International Network (G-I-N Since May 2009 ), Visiting professor in Arabic Bierut University in Lebanon in 2001, WHO Short term consultant: Participated as an international supervisor in conducting Retrospective Crude Mortality survey conducted in Greater Darfur Region, Sudan in May-June 2005 & Visiting Professor at Arab Academy for Science ,Technology and maritime transport as course instructor of Best Practice Guidelines course for Master of health care management. She has published many articles in reputed journals.

Introduction & Objectives: In Egypt, there is no national screening program for prostate cancer. The Urology Department in Alexandria University established a screening program for prostate cancer among men aged more than 55 years in January 2012. The aim of the present study was to determine a PSA cut-off point for performing Transrectal Ultrasonography (TRUS) guided biopsy among asymptomatic men. Material & Methods: This study included 1207 men aged more than 55 year of age who were attending Urology Department, Alexandria University for non prostatic symptoms and accepted to be screened. Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) and PSA level measurement were performed for all included subjects. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) guided biopsy was done for those who found to have PSA>4 ng/ml and or suspicious DRE. Results: A minority of screened subjects (13%) had PSA of more than 4 ng/ml. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) guided biopsy was performed for 157 subjects who had PSA>4 ng/ml and or suspicious DRE findings. One patient with a PSA>4 ng/ml who had suspicious DRE finding proved by TRUS biopsy to have prostate cancer giving PPV=100. Among those who have PSA level of 4.1-10, PPV is 54 among those with suspicious DRE findings as compared to 0 among those with non suspicious DRE. A higher PPV is observed for those who had PSA level of 10.1-20 and >20 with suspicious DRE findings (77 and 100 respectively). The mean serum total PSA was 77 and 0.6 ng/ ml for patients with and without prostatic cancer respectively (p=0.0001). The yield of cancer prostate among all screened patients was 103/1207=8% and 103/157=65% among those with PSA>4 ng/ml and were biopsied. Considering all the patients who had biopsy based on PSA and or DRE, ROC curve could derive a cut-off value of 10.05 ng/ml with a sensitivity of 92 percent and a specificity of 92.6 percent (area under curve, AUC 0.973±0.012, 95% CI (.950-0.997 P<0.000). The likelihood ratio is sensitivity/1-specificity=12.43. Conclusions: In a country of relatively low prevalence of prostate cancer like Egypt, a cut-off point of PSA in combination with DRE for doing TRUS biopsy could be 10.05 ng per ml among asymptomatic men of more than 55 years of age with a likelihood ratio of 12.43